송일훈IlHunSong , 이황규HwangKyuLee , 김재우JaeWooKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study aim to identify that Choi Bae Dal's Realizing by Miyamoto Musasi's Book O-Ryun-Seo of Man-Ri-Il-Kong. We can find that this study put forward The Spirit of Budo(Martial Art) in these days. To sum up, at first, this study has important preview of in these Days Bu-Do-In(Martial Art). Second, Choi Bae Dal's Keuk-Jin Karate is came from Miyamoto Musasi's Book O-Ryun-Seo. Third, Choi Bae Dal's Keuk-Jin Karate's Ground spirit is came from Miyamoto Musasi's Book O-Ryun-Seo of Man-Ri-Il-Kong. Fourth, Bu-Do-In(Martial Art) and Bu-Do(Martial Art) Teacher must be formula Study A Study on Miyamoto Musasi. Finally, We must make basic spirit of Budo(Martial Art). It is Miyamoto Musasi's Book O-Ryun-Seo of Man-Ri-Il-Kong This study show us that Choi Bae Dal's Realizing by Miyamoto Musasi's Book O-Ryun-Seo of Man-Ri-Il-Kong is very important thing in these days. In conclusion, we must inquiry this study more and more. And we can find essence of Budo(Martial Art) spirit for these days.

Key Words

Man-Ri-Il-Kong and Keuk-Jin Karate’

옥광GwangOk , 하남길NamGilHa

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate British sporting culture in the Tudor Age, 1485-1603. To meet the purpose, it is necessary to analyze cultural history of the Tudor period and to explore its sporting culture. Focuses of the study would be to search the main agencies and their roles in delivering the diffusion of sport during the era. There were two main agencies who carried out the popularization of sport during the period. They were the royal families and gentry. It may not be an exaggeration to say that Britain experienced the most revolutionary social transformation between 1485 and 1603. Last several centuries' feudalist society was slowly transformed into a new social infrastructure and the society faced a new era, Renaissance. These socio-historical changes made an important impact on sporting culture in British history. Sports including hunting, archery, joust, golf, cruel animal baiting sports and so forth were, in fact, promoted by the House of Tudor(1485-1603) in England and by the northern Scottish Stewart royal family. Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, especially, were strongly addicted to sport. Henry VIII established Hampton Court for tennis in 1592 and other various sporting arenas including stadiums for cock-fighting and bowling. He was a skillful athlete himself in various sports. Elizabeth I was influenced by Henry VIII's madness for sport. In Scotland, Royal Stuart family often enjoyed golfing as well as other sporting events. A further acceleration of this athleticism during the era was influenced by an increase of the gentry's population. The gentry became recognized by the society including royal authorities as a group of the upper middle class after the Wars of the Roses(1455-1485) and its social upward mobility made it possible to share royal and high classes' leisure culture. Gentlemen, at the same time, were exposed to the public and they often joined gambling, spectator animal baiting sports with the public, hunting with aristocracies. Their participation in various sporting occasions eventually contributed to the diffusion of sport in the age of Tudor, Britain. The significant findings of this study are as follows: Tudor sport had a medieval character, however, the society developed its sporting culture through royal support and slowly standardized various events; These royal support and aristocratic sporting culture became absorbed into the public from this era.

Key Words

renaissance, tudor age, medieval sport, athleticism royal sport, aristocratic sport, spectator sport

이태웅TaeUngLee

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Abstract

This research, aiming to object a prevailing opinion that the first school sports festival in Korea is regarded as an school activity called 'Hwaryu(花柳)' held in English School on May 2, 1896, shows the following conclusions which consequently demand reexamination on the time of coinage of 'Undonghwe(運動會): 1. "Hwaryu" first appeared in expression of a spring excursion arranged by Baejae-hakdang(培材學堂) on April 25, 1896, after then the word was mentioned again in 'Hwaryu' of English School on May 2, 1896. 2. The first school sports festival called 'Undonghwe' refers a school activity which was held by Public Elementary School on May 31, 1896. Grounds for this statement are as follows: - that 'Hwaryu' found in statements of Hyunsung Nah(羅絢成)and Geoncha Yun(尹建次) turned out to be a spring excursion of English School. - that, according to a report of Daily Independence, the English School's activity on May 2, 1896 was expressed as 'Hwaryu', while the press described the Public Elementary School's activity on May 31, 1896 as 'Undonghwe', which apparently suggests that 'Undonghwe' and 'Hwaryu' are different activities in nature. - that 'Hwaryu' of Baejae-hakdang was already held one week earlier than that of English School. - that Samsunpyeong is assumed to be a place for excursion than sport activity and there indeed was no sport activity in Samsunpyeong. Further research, under the basis of Daily Independence which for now is seen for the only source providing materials for school sports festival, Undonghwe, is necessary to be done.

Key Words

first school sports festival(undonghwe)

최복규BokKyuChoi

DOI:

Abstract

This study is to research the method of classifying the distinct martial arts applied in Muyaedobotongji in order to inquire into the historical context in which this work was compiled. In Muyaedobotongji, the 18th century martial arts manual, a new way of classification was applied. Most of the former manuals distinguished only long and short range weapons, according to the range of attack. However fire arms increasingly dominated the battle field in the 15th century as they cover a multitude of the distance all the former cold weapons could possibly cover. This development is the turning point after which all traditional cold weapons were considered ‘short range’ martial arts. Muyaedobotongji passes beyond the concept of long and short weapon classification and set a new standard based on techniques; thrusting, cutting and striking. By applying these categories, also short range martial arts could be distinguished. The impact of Muyaedobotongji declined after compilation due to the rapidly decreasing significance of the traditional martial arts described in Muyaedobotongji in the war actuality. This shows that the compilation of Muyaedobotongji took place at the turning point of the pre-modern and modern times in martial arts history.

Key Words

Muyaedobotongji, 무예도보통지(武藝圖譜通志)

한윤수YoonSooHan , 최정현JungHyunChoi

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Abstract

This study is to analyze about the changes of artistic gymnastics's Code of points from 1960 to 2005. The analyzed results are as follows. The first Code of points was formulated by the Federation of International Gymnastics(FIG) in 1949. On floor exercise, the number of difficulty was differently applied to Men's Code of points between the 1960 and 1964, and was differently applied to Competition Ⅰ and Competition Ⅱ between 1964 and 1976. The main feature of the Code of points between 1972 and 1976 is that the combination score was risen up drastically from 1.6 to 2.6. Between 1976 and 1980, the number of difficulty of Competition Ⅰ, Competition Ⅱ, and Competition Ⅲ was applied differently, the combination score was dropped down from 2.6 to 1.6 and the bonus points system was firstly introduced. Between 1980 and 1992, the number of difficulty of Competition Ⅰ, Competition Ⅱ, and Competition Ⅲ was applied differently in the same manner as before, the point of difficulty was risen up and the combination score was dropped down. Between 1992 and 1996, the number of difficulty which was applied differently to each competition, and the compulsory exercise were abolished. After the Year 1996, the difficulty "Super E" was firstly added and the regulation of scoring was decided to reserve by 2005 due to the argues at the Athens Olympic Games in 2004. Women's Code of points was applied to two times of the Olympic Games between 1960 and 1968 in the same manner. The different features of the regulation of scoring between '1960~1968' and '1968~1976' were as follows; 1.0 point higher than the former for the point of the difficulty, addition of the difficulty 'C', and 1.0 point lower than the former for the point of the play. The point of difficulty have not been changed between 1980 and 1996 and sticked to '3.0'. The number of the difficulty was applied differently to Competition Ⅰ, Competition Ⅱ, and Competition Ⅲ. The number of difficulty, the execution score and the additional points were changed to be higher or lower. The compulsory exercise was abolished with the Men's in 1996 and the difficulty "Super E" was added. After the Year 2000, the point of difficulty and the combination score were dropped down, but on the other hand the additional points were risen up to 1.2 points. Between 2000 and 2004, the regulations of scoring for Men and Women were the same between 2000 and 2004.

Key Words

code of points, artistic gymnastics

김은영EunYoungKim , 김동규DongKyuKim

DOI:

Abstract

The significant value of humans and health varies according to social environments and times, and every nation puts its own health culture in place according to times. However, in today's health management, we do more than manage contagious diseases and receive education on hygiene unlike in the past. In particular, a wealth of various newly coined terms on health culture are appealing to people, but they are questionable from the viewpoint of health culture. Thus, nihilism and paradox in living were seen in the practice of popular cultures, pursuits of outward appearances as a foremost value in connection with health behaviors, and antinomy in so-called health sports. Also, since individuals' philosophies on health should be put into action, pursuits of health as a top priority, as created in health culture, were to be criticized. Likewise, since the creation and value of culture health is supposed to bring about conceptual conflicts, namely, absurdity, it would be difficult to gain existential liberation as the most humanistic liberation, an answer to "what life is healthy?" if we have not prepared a mindset for 100 which we aspire to achieve.

Key Words

putting health first, health culture

손성도SungDoSon

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Abstract

Today, Taekwondo is recognized as one of cultural assets that sets the motions, spirit, and being of Korea to the world. However, study for educational-philosophical approach among studies to establish theories of Taekwondo as the suzerain state that can be the criteria for the world is yet inadequate. Therefore, this study focuses in establishing education-philosophy of Taekwondodirectors through educational-philosophical approach to program of operation and directing Taekwondo center. For this goal, there is need for desperate change of recognition from a view that philosophy should be studied and used by regulating philosophy into tool or index, after being relieved from the difference of using basics of Taekwondo training such as definition, purpose, direction of Taekwondo philosophy as united study(philosophy) and actually performing it(Taekwondo). To supplement, philosophical practice model should be applied. First, a higher dignity and identity as a Taekwondo man should be established to Taekwondo trainees. Especially due to the fact that most trainees are elementary school students rather than adults, they need an identity establishment based on social philosophical characteristics during this period. Secondly, the directors are to be able to provide detailed direction of Taekwondo education in the aspect of Taekwondo direction. In an educational aspect, training and direction of Taekwondo is certainly activity of teaching and education. Therefore, the teaching goal used in teaching and education center must be set. Thirdly, there is an approach to a new view as Taekwondo directors as managers of morality and courtesy. The many directors who operate Taekwondo centers and the parents actually change their speech and behavior to a better direction and obey to the guidance after going to the center since they educate not only Taekwondo, but also rules and courtesy. Fourthly, Philosophy of Center operation needs consistency. Introduction of directing program from premises of educational value and getting ready the mind of educators have to be preceded. Centers which can't just depend on marketing method have the specific. As mentioned above, a regulational-educational program is demanded by mixing philosophy and Taekwon-mentality as philosophical basis to raise morality of Taekwondo training and performance of courtesy education. Also, this is a necessary preceded task to take an international approach to overcome the limits of former Taekwondo directors.

Key Words

Taekwondo, image, enjoyment, worry

옥광GwangOk

DOI:

Abstract

The study focuses on Clark W. Hetherington who has been considered to be an outstanding philosopher and scientist in the field of physical education. The purposes of this study are as follow. It deals with his ideological position and role; his academic achievement and philosophy; and important philosophical theories. To sum up the results of the research, firstly, when Hetherington was strongly involved in physical education, the "New Physical Education" era began to rise among scholars including Thomas Wood, Rosalind Cassidy and Luther Gulick. These scholars fascinated history of physical education in America. Hetherington led the era of New Physical Education and contributed to scientific systematization of physical education. Secondly, after investigating his life, he was a logical academic and perfectionist. His educational ideal was influenced by a psychological theory of play which was founded by S. Hall. It is clear that he was true scientist and philosopher who established an academic foundation of physical education in the early 20C. Thirdly, among other things, he provided a theoretical framework of New Physical Education and its base was Dewey's pragmatism which eventually helped Hetherington's idea to launch the Demonstration Play School. He also strongly believed that play activities including various games, sports and recreational activities could impact on the youths' character building. Lastly, his educational ideal was again influenced by the progressivism and pragmatism and his main philosophical theory was play theory. Thus, play could lead children's all-around education. It was him to stimulated the American society to consider to place physical education in schools' curricula. It was him to articulate "the New Physical Education" meaning that physical education should be a form of scientific and whole education for the youth and the adult. The significant results of this study could be that Hetherington was a true scientist and philosopher. He stressed the importance of play activities in the development of the youth; believed that leaders and teachers of physical education should be trained in a scientific educational curriculum to meet the needs of the youth and the adult; regarded health as a balance of the physical and mental conditions; and finally he considered physical education was a fundamental education, total education and character education in order to promote the development in childhood - his life long objective in the promotion of program in physical education. Considering his great achievements in American physical education, appropriate expressions, 'the Modern Philosopher and Father of Physical Education' can be followed with his significant contribution.

Key Words

new physical education, play theory, all-round education, pragmatism, progressivism, father of physical education

이광호KwangHoLee

DOI:

Abstract

The Purpose of this study was to explore the typss of disciplinary power to bodily discourse in man's being pro-golfer. I used Foucault who is one of the post-stuctuualist frameworks to analyze relation of power, to explore specific process of bodily power and the configuration of disciplinary power for athletes, which are traning for being playing progolfer in Korea PGA. So, this research used ethnographic method, participant observation and in-depths interview which for revealed not visual bodily power in group. particpants were five semi man's progolfers. The results were that certified pro-test is meaning of disciplinary power that affects the biggest in the formation of professional's consciousness to golfer. According to this attribute, conquest of uncertainty, alterative perception of score as an accomplishment tool and consciousness of compensation was created as mode of superiority and expression of power.

Key Words

bodily discourse, disciplinary power, consciousness

이정연JeongYeonLee , 김방출BangChoolKim , 오현택HyunTaekOh

DOI:

Abstract

A judge's ruling that gambling between golfers on the outcome of their private contests is not punishable is stirring up a controversy when he found innocent four men accused of habitual gambling by betting hundreds of millions of won in their golf performance. It is important that a judge be given a right to interpret the law differently from the precedent cases. Each case can reflect the world view of the judge, and it can present a new interpretation of the common sense. However, the golf gambling case shows that a more careful consideration is needed in order to present a new interpretation of the law for people. This paper introduces the details of the case and reviews the basis and limitations of the judgement. It then reinterprets the limitations, focusing on two aspects. First, it points out the problems with the judgment by reviewing the concept of play, game, and sports. Secondly, it shows the limitations of the judgement by emphasizing ethics that should be practiced in sports. In sum, the purpose of the paper is to illuminate the limitations of the judgement of gambling by betting hundreds of millions of won on the course and emphasize the ethical value in sports, which can contribute enhancing people's just understanding of sports.

Key Words

gambling sports, the concept of sport, the ethical value in sports

이호철HoCheolLee , 권오륜OhRyunKwon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide the foundation for the proposition of alternative plans to make more students participate in pleasant and active physical education classes through clarification of action strategies for alienated students. We adopted the purposeful sampling through the nonprobability sampling and sampled four students(two boys and two girls) in the 6th grade of the Elementary School S which was located in Y city, Gyeongsang (South) Province. The data collected through profound interview, classroom observation and documents etc. The data was categorized the cases through the inductive categorical analysis. The result of this study can be summarized as follows. The action strategies were found that 'studying their teacher's facial expression', 'an idle spectator', 'a humbug(pretending headache, heavy cold, stomachache and so on)', 'yielding', 'serving as a bridesmaid', 'self-abandonment'.

Key Words

alienated students, action strategies, phenomenological approach

임일혁IlHyukIm

DOI:

Abstract

This study focuses the aesthetics in analyzing Poomse. Based on the theoretical background of Poomse and its aesthetics, following conclusion was made. The form of Poomse, which is directly connected to self-cultivation, is more important than aesthetics in externally expressed movement. In the space and time created by Poomse, the form is an expression of liberation, liberation from earthly desire and anxiety. And the solemn and sublime spirit expressed by the form is the very loftiness of Poomse. The aesthetics of Poomse is related to peaceful and mature mind, and such state of mind is conveyed through the silence embedded in the motions and movements of Poomse. The motions and movements of Poomse are expressed in each movement of Poomse. Such movement reveals the experience, technique and ripeness of its performer. A performer's internal thought and training level naturally affects the expression of movement, technical level and experience. A performer experiences number of failures when trying one given movement for the first time. However, through this trial and error process, a performer understands more about the movement and motions. In time, he would have to face his physical limit and this is when mind training, endurance and self-cultivation are needed to overcome the physical boundary. Through this entire process, a performer understands the movement completely and builds on philosophical and aesthetic base, which leads to the experience of intrinsic aesthetics and perfection of movement.

Key Words

Taekwondo aesthetics, poomse

김병준MyoungJoonKim , 김범식BeomSigKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to analyze of revisit by snowboard web-site user's involvement special quality. Specifically, this study was to test relationship among importance thoroughgoing study, self-expression, danger and contents satisfaction and revisit. To get the best result of this study assigned the registered members of those web sites as population, and linked a questionnaire hereof to bulletin board of each web site, so that members who use the bulletin board could answer to each question. The completed questionnaires were all connected into my home page(http://www.rsports.co.kr/poll.htm.) in real time. The subject who answered to given questionnaire was 226 persons. The material collection device was the brochure named . The result of reliability check up was here below; Chronbach' α=.674~.938. To analyze materials, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, SEM were used as statistic analysis techniques. On the basis of the results, the conclusions were as follows; Firstly, There was a significant influence between impotance thoroughgoing study and contents satisfaction. Also there was a significant between impotance thoroughgoing study and revisit. Secondly, There was a significant influence between self-expression and contents satisfaction. Also there was a significant between self-expression and revisit. Lastly, There was a significant influence between contents satisfaction and revisit .

Key Words

involvement special quality, importance thoroughgoing study, self-expression, contents satisfaction, revisit use

김영갑YoungKabKim , 김동석DongSugKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study focuses on positively clarifying the relationship between image of Taekwondo trainer and enjoyment/worry of trainee. The subject is set as the group of trainees of Taekwondo center located in Daegu currently at August 2004, selected 560 persons in total using Stratified Cluster Random Sampling, and used 466 questionnaires in total, excluding the 94 inappropriate or irrevocable questionnaires as final study data. These are the conclusions after conducting frequency analysis, correlational analysis, multiple regression analysis using SPSS 11.0 based on the data collected from 466 persons. First, image of Taekwondo trainers has positive effect on the recognition of enjoyment of Taekwondo trainees. In other words, it has largest influence on disposition, work role in health, and profession has largest influence on achievement and sociality. Secondly, image of Taekwondo trainers has negative effect on the recognition of worry of Taekwondo trainees. In other words, work role has largest influence on training preparation, and profession has largest influence on training facility. Also, professionalism has largest influence on training attitude, and profession, work role has largest influence on training method. and disposition, profession has largest influence on training environment.

Key Words

Taekwondo, image, enjoyment, worry

김지현JeeHyunKim , 김인형InHyungKim , 이근모KeunMoLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of sports star image on the sports involvement of university students. Using a purposeful sampling method, the group of the university students' were selected from B city. All of the subjects had sport star preference. Collected data were analyzed to test the hypotheses with statistical methods such as factor analysis, Cronbach's α, multiple regression analysis with SPSS 11.0 program. An overall process of surveys and evaluations leads to the following conclusions. First, according to gender, the results that sports star image recognition was affected at sports direct involvement are as follows; Sports star image being affected at university male student's sports direct involvement was by order of performance image, moral image. And in sports star direct involvement of university female student, sports star image was not significantly affected. Second, according to gender, the results that sports star image recognition was affected at sports indirect involvement are as follows; Sports star image being affected at university male student's sports indirect involvement was by order of moral image, sports performance image. And sports star image being affected at university female student's sports indirect involvement was by order of progressive image.

Key Words

sports star image, sports involvement

박헌열HunYulPark

DOI:

Abstract

Due to diseases pattern shifts from acute ones to chronic, current national health promotion measures have been emphasized on preventive base national health promotion programs rather than curative measures after the occurrence of illnesses. Along most of the advanced countries have been providing the exercise instruction programs in the aggressive and supportive manner as a part of national health promotion programs. In this circumstance, health promotion programs need to be established the co-operative fields to accommodate the fields between the new exercise instruction system and the existing health care system, in order to promote and enhance the health level of the its own people. It will provide a great contribution on national health promotion, the financial stability of the National Health Insurance Scheme, cost containment of the national health expenditure, and the enhancement of quality of life of the people. Furthermore, the exercise instruction programs should be sophisticatedly rebuilt to execute well as a part of health promotion programs through the establishment of the scope of the exercise instruction programs in the health promotion policies, the entitlement of the national license for the relevant professionals, the assorted service provision between the exercise instruction and the national health promotion programs, the improvement of the exercise instruction programs in health centers and the activation of an incentive system for the exercise instruction related program, etc. It has been known as a common idea that Ministry of Health and Welfare is the right governing department for the effective utilization of exercise instructors. The importance of introducing national examination, which will increase the public confidence level on exercise instructor, has been also realized from the survey. Additionally, the survey with the people who have exercise instructor certification showed that due to insecure job condition, low level of public confidence, and lack of welfare system, they did not have a positive idea regarding their future of job. The connection cooperation which with the community resources must become accomplished. Because cooperation of the government, private sector and the relation group to lead and when maximum reconciliation it goes out and a policy synergic effect. The purpose of the study is to provide the foundation data for policy establishment on training the exercise instructor and its application methods for promoting the public health. I would like to, first of all, survey the systems provided in the advanced countries in this area and to analyze the current problematic operating systems in Korea, and, after that, to present the feasible policy alternatives to facilitate the exercise instruction programs in Korea.

Key Words

exercise instruction, health promotion programs, public health

송은주EunJooSong , 임수원SooWoenLim

DOI:

Abstract

This study aims to understand the dnacer's body making performance mechanism from the perspective of Giddens' structuration theory. To achieve this purpose, I took the ethnographic approach focusing on dancer's daily life and his/her viewpoint. In order to do that I selected a dance department of Cheongrok University (a pseudonym) as a field of my study and collected related data and made a participating- observational study from March to August in 2004. This thesis investigates the structural typology in the dance culture from the viewpoint of Giddens's structuration theory to find out a sociological answer to how dancer's body making is reinforced in the culture of dance. Dancer's body making is a peculiar cultural characteristic intrinsic to the dance culture, that is to say, a social and cultural outcome that is reinforced and reproduced in the social and cultural environment in which a body is emphasized. In conclusion, I can suggest that the dancer's body making is an unconscious efforts to regain his/her ontological confiednce and to maintain his/her ontological security as a dancer.

Key Words

body, body making, dance, structuration theory

이재형JaeHyungLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of life-style and participation motive of adventurous sports activity at least month, 1 years above 4 participants on both their flow degree. Through one of the research methods, Purposeful Sampling Method, the questionnaire was administered to 343 hang gliding, skin scuba, skiing, snow boad and rock climbing participants aged 20-40. To examine the hypothesis based on the collected data, multiple methods, SPSS 11.0, LISREL 8.30, Path Analysis were adapted. Survey results demonstrated as the followings. 1) Respect of Influence of Life-style on flow degree: adventurous sports activity participants responded their positive influence on the part of Health, Fashion, Goal Achievement, Sports, and Nothingness of flow degree. 2) Respect of influence of Participation Motive on the flow of degree: Feeling Diversion motive, Assign/Fellowship motive, Self-realization motive and Mental/Aesthetic motive positively influenced on the part of flow degree.

Key Words

adventurous sports, Life-style, flow degree, participation motive

전태준TaeJoonChun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between satisfaction of general sports class and self-care performance of health in undergraduate school. To accomplish the purpose of this study, this study surveyed 500 subjects, who have taken general sports class in undergraduate school as undergraduate students, by method of purposive sampling. Every survey paper was filled out by self-administered method and data decided as valid subjects was analyzed by SPSS version 11.5. Statistics used in this study were descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, correlation, and multiple regression. The followings are the results of this study: 1. There are no significant difference in satisfaction of general sports class. 2. There is a significant differences in physical activity, cognizance of dangerous factors, and stress management. 3. There are no significant between satisfaction of general sports class and self-care performance of health. But physical satisfaction(-) only has influenced on self-observation.

Key Words

satisfaction of general sports class, self-care performance of health

조만태ManTaeCho , 조현민HyunMinCho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to contribute for the industrial development of sports-leisure by analyzing the effect that the service quality of sports-leisure industry exhibition that is growing up continually and coming up as the promising industry of 21C that has a great influence on national economy, comes up to general satisfaction and reparticipating intention of enterprise participating in the exhibition. The subjects of this study were selected by convenience sampling method after persons in charge of exhibition of enterprise participated in 2005 COEX seoul international sports-leisure industry exhibition. The method of this study was used as research means after testing availability and suitability of questionnaire contents through preliminary examination in FGI based on questionnaire of Kijewski et al(1993), Kweon(2003), Lee(2003), Kim(2005). Validity of inquiries was enforced by selecting principle component analysis as general method of primary factor analysis, and factor selection was limited to be in eign value>1.0 and then was found to use varimax rotation. The questionnaire are composed of the factors which are the personal service, famous and credible, participation expense, approachable, event program, inner facilities of exhibition, attractive and public information, secure, information and convenient facilities. The method of statistics for this materials' analysis was practiced to be in Pearson's Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression by using SPSS WIN 10.0. The conclusion of this study are as follows: First, the service quality of sports-leisure industry exhibition was found to have a positive effect on General Satisfaction, and then the greatest effect on General Satisfaction was respectively found to be personal service , event program, attractive and public information. Second, the service quality of sports-leisure industry exhibition was found to have a positive effect on Reparticipating Intention in order and then the greatest effect on Reparticipating Intention was respectively found to inner facilities of exhibition, attractive and public information, information and convenient facilities.

Key Words

Sports-Leisure industry exhibition, service quality, general satisfaction, reparticipating intention

류민정MinJeongLyu , 표종현JongHyunPyo , 표내숙NaeSugPyo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate life satisfaction and relationship between physical self concept and life satisfaction of college students. It was also processed to find out if physical self-concept is a variable predicting life satisfaction according to gender and their weekly exercise frequency. The data was collected from 481 students including 272 male students and 209 female students using the Korean version of PSDQ(Physical Self-Description Questionnaire) and life satisfaction questionnaire. For analysis, two-way ANOVA, stepwise multiple regression analysis, and path analysis were used. The conclusions were as follows: First, there was a significant difference in life satisfaction by gender. Male students scored themselves higher than female students in life satisfaction. Second, life satisfaction could be predicted by physical self-concept. Among factors of physical self-concept, variables explaining life satisfaction were different by gender and weekly exercise frequency groups.

Key Words

physical self-concept, Life satisfaction, gender, exercise frequency

신정택JungTaekShin , 김지수JiSooKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stress management interventions for female athletes of middle school on competitive trait anxiety, coping strategies. Subjects consisted of twenty eight female athletes of middle school. Competitive trait anxiety inventory and coping strategies inventory were administered prior to the start of stress management interventions, at post treatment, and at 1 month follow-up. Stress management interventions group significantly decreased competitive trait anxiety from pre-test treatment to follow-up. Stress management interventions group increased active coping strategies at post treatment but reduced at follow-up. Stress management training group reduced passive coping strategies from pre-test treatment to follow-up. Limitations of this study and future implications were discussed.

Key Words

stress management interventions, coping strategies, post treatment

심향보HyangBoSim , 원유병YooByeongWon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this research is as following. First, types of assaulters and violence and harassment. Second, forms of violence and harassment among Individual-Sports athletes and team- sports athletes. Third, tburnout states of Individual-Sports athletes and Team-Sports athletes In addition, this study purports to help athletes develop a sense of their own identity by minimizing the dropout of athletics due to violence and harassment. In order to achieve these two purposes, we conducted a research on622 athletes of boys’ high schools located in D city, I city, and P city. The research was prosecuted depending on two complementary methods: one is SAMBI(Sport Adaptation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory) questionnaire employed as a way of getting objective information about the characteristics Specifically, we figured out the respective mean and standard deviation of Individual-Sports athletes and team sport athletes and performed a t-test of the differences between the two separate groups in order to compare and contrast the levels of burnout of the two categories. We also performed a x2 to compare and contrast the levels of violence and harassment of the two categories. The results of the above multi-faceted work led us to the following conclusions Assaulters who use violence and harassment on athletes are in the order of senior athletes, leaders, and parents according to proportion. As for types of violence, verbal-physical violence, verbal violence, and physical violence are employed in the order stated according to proportion when senior athletes are assaulters; verbal-physical violence, physical violence, and verbal violence, when leaders are assaulters; verbal-physical violence and verbal violence in almost the same proportion in the case of parents being assailants. In individual sport, no violence and verbal violence are more frequently employed, while in team sport physical violence and verbal-physical violence are more frequently used. In the influence which the burnout states of Individual-Sports athletic victims and team- sport athletic victims exercise on depersonalization and degree of personal accomplishment, there is some significant difference between the two categories. In contrast, there is no significant difference in their influence on emotional burnout between the two categories.

Key Words

violence, harassment, verbal violence, physical violence

장덕선DukSunChang

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Abstract

The subjects of this study are 8 players among shooting players who participate in 2004 Athens Olympic Games. They were selected according to having voluntarily participated intention, the education of mental skill, individual consultation, and discussion with coaches. The purpose of this study was to analyze habitual cognitive behavior strategy of the players' by in-depth counseling and discover personal characteristics of mental state and stress, and preferable strategies. Based on this, we offer a suitable cognitive behavior strategy to them in order to contribute to achieving players' goal in the games. For this, first of all, we ask them to describe their thoughts and actions at ordinary times and at each occasion in a broad and a narrow routine. In a broad meaning of routine, it is examined in four sets when they wake up, when they go to a field for shooting, when they arrive at the field, and when before going into bar. A narrow meaning of routine consists of firing routine and error return routine. Secondly, the routines were examined in order to modify and supplement in terms of sport psychology. Those routines offer personal and individual information in each case because they were analyzed and operated in an individual way. Cognitive behavior strategy was suggested and operated one month before the Olympic Games. During the class for educating the players for mental skill, the established strategies were introduced with various situations in the Olympic Games and carried out with mental imagery training and the simulation training of the Olympic game situations.

Key Words

shooting players, 2004 Athens Olympic Games, individual consultation, cognitive behavior strategy, routine

임현주HyunJuIm

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to describe middle school physical education teachers' perceptions and experiences related to Fitness Model. Participants in this study were physical education teachers (one male and one female) from a secondary school in Korea. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. Data were analyzed and interpreted through constant comparative method and analytic induction method. The findings in this study indicated that the physical education teachers had hard times to be a curriculum developer. From initiation ,implementation, and continuation, they had many problems with colleagues, students, and facilities. The result of this study suggested that for successful curriculum reform, the physical education teachers should be changed positively, and teacher education programs should help physical education teachers should be changed positively. The facility and learning environment in the school should be changed and diverse programs should be offered by physical education teacher educators. In addition, teachers, students, and educational institutions should give practical supports for the physical education teachers. We need more studies related to diverse curriculum models for the prospective physical education teachers.

Key Words

fitness model, curriculum developer

김형돈HyungDonKim , 김덕중DukJungKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation of heart rate recovery (HRR) and cardiovascular disease risk factors at exercise stress testing in the middle-aged men. The subjects consisted 34 middle-aged men, who was aged 40~50 years were checked by a lifestyle survey, blood test, body composition and exercise stress testing. In measurement index, body composition analysis were measured of percent body fat and body mass index(BMI). Blood test were measured of serum lipids, glucose, CPK, and C-reactive protein(CRP). And exercise stress testing were measured of heart rate(HR), systolic blood pressure(SBP), ST segment, oxygen uptake (VO2), treadmill exercise time, and Duke treadmill score (DTS). HRR was considered abnormal if it did not drop ≥12bpm 1min and ≥42bpm 2min after completion of exercise. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of independent t-test. Results of this study were as follows; Abnormal HRR group was showed of atherogenic index (AI), peak systolic blood pressure and oxygen uptake, peak ST segment and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Duke treadmill score (DTS) index, and alcohol and smoking factors on the high relation in the cardiovascular disease more than normal HRR. These results suggest that the HRR is strong predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle-aged men with abnormal HRR group. Improve lifestyle and regular physical activity should be decreased risk condition of cardiovascular disease in the low HRR group. Therefore physical activity should be strongly recommended in these abnormal HRR group.

Key Words

heart rate recovery, HRR, cardiovascular disease risk factors, CPK, CRP, DTS

김정기ChongGiKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare blood lipids level in children. Aged are 10-12 years. The subjects were obese, athletes, and general children. We evaluated the underwater weighing, body compositions, plasma triglyceride (TG), serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol levels. In this study, the underwater weight and body density were highest in athlete group compared other groups. The percent body fat was higher in obese children than other groups. Furthermore, plasma TG level was higher in obese children group than the other two groups. Serum TC, LDL-C concentration were higher in obese children group than the other two groups. Also, Serum HDL-C level was high in obese children group comparing other two groups.

Key Words

underwater weighing, triglyceride, blood Lipids, HDL-C, LDL-C

나봉순BongSoonNa , 김원기WonKiKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of body composition and isokinetic knee joint strength of male high school Taekwondo athletes according to performance level. The subjects of this study were 20 male high school athletes who are enrolled in the Korea Taekwondo Association and have participated in competitions: 10 elite athletes who had won in national games placing within 3rd grade, and another 10, had not. The body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis; a percent body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass. The isokinetic strength was repeated three times at 60 degrees angular velocity per second with the method of Biodex Multi-Joint System 3. The data were analyzed by the t-test using SPSS 12.0K. The results were as follows; There was a significant difference in body composition of Taekwondo athletes according to the performance level, percent body fat and fat mass. That is significantly lower in elite athletes than non-elite athletes. The peak torque of extensor was significantly higher in elite athletes than non-elite athletes in left, right. The flexor was significantly higher in elite athletes than non-elite athletes in right. The peak torque % body weight of extensor was significantly higher in elite athletes than non-elite athletes in left and right. The flexor was significantly higher in elite athletes than non-elite athletes in right. The hamstring/quadriceps ratio was no significant difference between elite athletes and non-elite athletes.

Key Words

body composition, Isokinetic knee joint strength, peak torque, peak torque % body weight, hamstring/quadriceps ratio

류호상HoSangYoo , 박승한SungHanPark , 변재철JaeChulByun

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Abstract

C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, albumin, and white blood cell (WBC) counts were used as the markers for acute systemic inflammation. CRP was significantly associated with obesity, high CRP level associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. And generally, increased serum t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) level is believed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, t-PA level may show to increase significantly after chronic exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of blood cholesterol and inflammatory markers and enhancement of systemic fibrinolytic activity after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training. A total of 16 healthy males (n=8, control group) and obese males (n=8, experiment group) were served as subjects. Aged between 20-27 years. Subjects were assigned to a supervisor and given an exercise program 3 days a week. All subjects participated in an aerobic exercise training for 30 minutes, then did additional treadmill exercise for 30 minutes at which they were instructed to maintain a continuous 55% to 70% of the peak heart rate according to an initial exercise training. The present study showed that WBC count and serum Albumin level were no changes between groups. There were significantly different on plasma fibrinogen and serum CRP and t-PA levels between groups. Also, fibrinogen and CRP levels after aerobic exercise training were lower than pre exercise training in two groups, although serum t-PA level was increased after 8 weeks. There were significant differences on TC level between pre and post exercise training in two groups, and HDL-C and LDL-C levels were shown to decreased. Aerobic exercise training may lowered CRP level, and there was enhanced t-PA level. In conclusion, regular physical activity may decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases in both normal and obese men.

Key Words

TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, CRP, inflammatory markers, t-PA, aerobic exercise training

박기덕GiDuckPark

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Abstract

Traffic accident is car, railroad, vessel, aircraft between while run transportation and a person or object instigate or touches that die a person or destroys goods. Increase of traffic discharge and diversification of transportation, in actuality of our country that road situation by high speed of vehicles is not good traffic accident occurs frequently and accident aspect or the form magnify. Pain of neck region that appear after receive first damage, backbone surrounding muscle tissue is involved as secondary to restrict extent of function of neck. This happens by direct damage or penalty cost in muscle. Such damage is worse by normal function of neck bone because cause damage in muscle and ligament and usually healing is slow. The purpose of this study is to do so that massage and traction method of treatment may be used as curative means that is the one. When did massage therapy and traction method of treatment to 19 people among patient less than 8weeks after traffic accident more than 30 years old, balance and result that recognize change of muscle test are as following: 1) There was a significant different for Balance ability(two foot & one foot stand) of after 4 weeks treatment period(p<0.05). 2) There was a significant different for Muscle function test of after 4 weeks treatment period(p<0.05).

Key Words

massage, whiplash injury, balance, muscle function, traction

배종진JongJinBae , 이중철JoongChulLee , 한상완SangWanHan

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to know the difference between the effect of forward and backward walking on respiratory factor, VO2, HR, R, and VAS(visual analogue scale) during the rehabilitation training from knee injury. The subjects were male and female athletics, each 4 of total 8. The research method was to perform forward and backward walking for each 10 minutes in treadmill slop 10%. 1. In VO2, the backward walking after exercise 5, 10 minutes was high in the statistics. 2. In R, the backward walking after exercise 5, 10 minutes was higher than other. Therefore, backward walking was appeared in a little anaerobic exercise. 3. In HR, the backward walking after exercise 5 , 10 minutes was higher(average about 20 beat/min) than other. Therefore, exercise intensity was high relatively. 4. In VAS, after exercise 10 minutes, the backward walking was lower average 10 than the forward one. So, it was more safe motor than that. As mentioned above, the backward walking in 10% slope, velocity 6km/h was relatively higher exercise intensity and less the pain than forward one. Therefore, this backward walking on respiratory factor and VAS in the rehabilitation training for knee injury might be effective. But there are need to be careful above 10% grade of treadmill in female athletics.

Key Words

backward walking rehabilitaion exercise, knee injures

신광영KwangYoungShin , 이정필JeongPilLee , 김영주YoungJooKim , 이종삼JongSamLee , 윤진호JinHoYoon , 이상욱SangOkLee , 오재근JaeKeunOh

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes of the ANP(atrial natriuretic peptide) expression and predictors of cardiovascular risk factor(HR, heart rate; BP, Blood pressure; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; RPP, rate pressure product) that occurs while walking in water and on land at an exercise intensity based on the walking speed in healthy young men. Eight volunteers(20.13±1.55yr) participated in this study as subjects. The actual trials consisted of walking for 20 minutes in 30℃(W30) and 35℃(W35) water on an underwater treadmill. The water depth of the treadmill corresponded to the level of the xiphoid process in the subject. The same subjects performed on-land walking(L) using a moving belt treadmill for 20 minutes. All 3 experimental trials were performed in same room temperature(26.0±1℃) and humidity(35~45%). The walking speed was the 3.5km/h which need same energy expenditure while walking in water and on land. HR was significantly higher in L compared to W30(p<.05). SBP, RPP(p<.05) and DBP, MAP(p<.01) were significantly higher in L compared to W35. ANP expression was increased significantly higher in W30 and W35 than L(p<.05). There were significantly negative correlation between ANP expression and BP(p<.01), MAP(p<.001). The results of this study suggest that walking in water can be recommended as safe and effective method of cardiac rehabilitation.

Key Words

atrial natriuretic peptide, walking in the water, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, rate pressure product

신영오YoungOhShin , Jae Keun Oh

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Abstract

Recent emerging evidences suggested that myocyte enhance factor 2 (MEF2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) play a pivotal role in GLUT4 expression. Present study investigated regulatory effects of exercise training on protein expression of MEF2, PGC-1α and GLUT4 in insulin resistance obese Zucker rats. Investigation was further extended in two different muscle fiber types(soleus, SOL; type I vs. extensor digitorum logus, EDL; type II). After 8 weeks of treadmill running procedure, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 2g/kg body mass; BM) were underwent in all groups(lean Zucker control rats; LN, obese Zucker control rats; OB, exercise-trained obese Zucker rats; EXE) and blood glucose, insulin, and lipids were measured. Exercise training significantly improved insulin sensitivity and blood lipid profiles. There was no significant differences in protein expression of MEF2C, PGC-1α and GLUT4 between OB and LN, except MEF2C in EDL. However, endurance exercise training significantly elevated protein expression of MEF2C, PGC-1α and GLUT4 from OB or LN in both muscle fiber types. These findings indicate that adaptation of skeletal muscles to exercise training increased in protein expression of MEF2C, PGC-1α and GLUT4 in obese Zucker rats skeletal muscles.

Key Words

obesity, exercise, insulin resistance, oral glucose tolerance test, muscle fiber types, MEF2C, PGC-1α, GLUT4

이지영JiYoungLee , 한태경TaeKyoungHan , 김대영DaeYoungKim , 박수현SooHyunPark , 안의수EueSooAnn , 강현식HyunSikKang

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Abstract

The purpose of the study was to experiment synergy effects of beta3-adrenergic receptor(β3-AR) and uncoupling protein 2(UCP2) gene polymorphism on obesity indices, resting metabolic rate(RMR), and cardiopulmonary fitness. A total of 154 apparently healthy volunteers was recruited via flyers and local advertisements. Obesity indices included body mass index(BMI), percent body fat(%BF), waist circumference, waist/hip ratio. A group having Trp/Trp(TT) homozygotes of β3-AR gene together with Deletion/Deletion(D/D) homozygotes of UCP2 gene showed high mean value significantly in body weight(p=0.004), %BF(p=0.039), BMI(p=0.016), waist circumference(p=0.005), waist/hip ratio(p=0.040), and RMR(p=0.025). And the maximal oxygen consumption per minute low than other groups but it was not significant difference statistically. We think that this synergy effect of β3-AR and UCP2 for obesity indices and RMR made by correlation of these gene and than accumulation of body fat may be accelerated, because a simultaneous mutation of β3-AR and UCP2 bring about not only increasing accumulation of body fat but also decreasing cardiopulmonary fitness by decreasing RMR and fat oxidation. Therefore, the current findings suggest that in the event of mutation of β3-AR and UCP2 simultaneously, morbidity on obesity may increase .

Key Words

synergy effect, β3-AR gene, UCP2 gene, obesity indices

한종우JongWooHan , 지용석YongSeokJee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of functional soap(isporte) on the variables of body composition in 71 young men. For the purpose, we made the subjects 4 groups. The G1 included by an exercised group using in soups, G2 represented an only exercised group without using in soups, G3 represented a non-exercised group using in only soups, and then G4(control group) represented a non-exercised group without using in soups respectively. All the measured data were represented by mean and standard deviation(SD) using SPSS package(version 10.0). The statistical techniques for data analysis were used by two-way(4×2) repeated measured ANOVA. The 5% level of significance was used as the critical level for acceptance of hypotheses for the study. In results, the statistically different variables of the body composition were body weight, fat mass, % fat, WHR and obesity degree after 8 weeks. As a conclusion of these results, we could know that if the athletes used in isporte and participated in sports, they could have the improved body composition.

Key Words

isporte, body composition, body weight, fat mass, % fat, WHR, obesity degree

현주JooHyun , 신영오YoungOhShin , 이정필JeongPilLee , 오재근JaeKeunOh , 김영주YoungJooKim , 방인걸InKeolBang

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Abstract

This study was aimed to investigate prolongation of P wave dispersion(PWD) in patients with coronary artery disease. Ten patients who were treated PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) and 10 healthy people were included in this study as control group. Symptom limited exercise test with modified Bruce protocol was performed on all subjects. In rest, submaximal, maximal exercise and recovery stage, 12 lead electrocardiogram(ECG) were taken. Minimum and maximum P wave duration(P min, P max) were measured and PWD(difference between P max and P min) was calculated. The velocity of ECG was adjusted to 25mm/s. Significant differences were founded between patients and normal controls in P max and PWD. In rest and maximal exercise stage, P max and PWD in patients were greater than in controls, but not in submaximal exercise stage. This study shown that P max and PWD in coronary artery patients at rest and during symptom-limited exercise test is longer than in healthy controls.

Key Words

coronary artery disease, P wave dispersion, electrocardiogram, exercise

강상학SangHackKang

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Abstract

The present study was purposed to analyze dynamic variables of service motion of volleyball players who participated in 2004 Korea Business Volleyball Tournament to provide useful information for scientific training and instruction of spike service. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Time taken was short in order of Step 2 < Step 3 < Step 1 < Airborne Step. Players who used strong spike services had a three-step approach run in order of left, right and left foot and tossed the ball by the left hand with the left foot off (P3). 2. Players who used strong spike services tossed the ball over 5m high and hit the ball at a point higher than 3m. 3. Because the jumping point of S1, S5 and S6 is too far from the end line, it is considered necessary to move the starting point a bit closer to the end line. 4. In S1's service, the ball speed just after impact was highest as 110km/h. The player whose horizontal speed was highest in the Airborne Step also made the highest jump and, while staying in the air, bent her right knee a lot. 5. The negative angular momentum at the moment of impact was by the forward rotating motion of the right arm. In addition, the positive angular momentum of the body + the head and particularly of the left arm was quite low but positive angular momentum by the rotating motion of the two legs caused counterclockwise motion and offset almost all angular momentum.

Key Words

spike service, volleyball

김진호JinHoKim , 김혜영HyeYoungKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the consistency of release movement individually and was to provide the data to promote archer`s performance. Three male archers in H university with carrier over ten years were participated as subjects for this study. Variables were selected to analyze a consistency during the release. The release movement was divided into three phases: clicker phase, finger phase and bow phase for a reaction time of clicker sound, a position of extending finger which pull string, a movement of bow during the bow phase and initial velocity of arrow. Kinematic data were obtained for a total fifteen shots by two digital video cameras filmed at 1,000Hz. The conclusions were as follow: 1. The reaction time of clicker sound for expert archers was different into the individual performance. The reaction time of a subject who had best record was very fast about 136 msec. 2. According as archers did not move the draw arm's hand except for a last joint of the finger when archers extended the finger which held of string in finger phase, they had the high scoring. 3. Regularity of the final phase of the shot is important with regard to as archer's skill. Two kind of movement may affect this regularity: the oscillation of bow, which can reduced by the release consistency, and initial velocity of the arrow which can have similarity by the adjustment of the release force.

Key Words

archery, release, reaction time, consistency

이기광KiKwangLee , 정병철ByungChulJung

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Abstract

Based on several studies which compared overground and treadmill running to validate treadmill as a experimental instrument to simulate overground running, there were different running kinematics between two situations. However, there was no study to compare running kinetics. The purpose of this study was to determine biomechanical difference between overground and treadmill running. Specifically, rearfoot motion, impact loading, insole pressure distribution were quantified and compared. Twenty male healthy runners experienced at treadmill running participated in this study. They ran on runway and treadmill at 3.83±0.1 m/s. Kinematic data were collected using a Motion Analysis eight video camera system at 240 Hz. Ground reaction force and pressure distribution data under the heel of right foot were collected with a PEDAR pressure insole system with 26 sensors at 360 Hz. Five trials were performed for each condition and mean values were calculated for ground reaction force, pressure, and rearfoot kinematic variables. A dependent paired t-test was used to compare the running surface effect (p=0.05). For ankle and sole angle at initial contact, runners on the treadmill showed more plantar flexed and flat foot than during overground running. Although there was no significant difference for max eversion angle, overground running showed greater eversion velocity. For impact load, overground running showed greater vertical impact force and loading rate. For the pressure under the heel, overground running showed greater than treadmill running, especially pressure under medial heel was significantly greater. These differences might be related to adaptation of human locomotorsystem to a treadmill running situation which has motor driven narrower surface and self shock attenuating compliant and cushioning deck.

Key Words

run, treadmill, running shoe, footwear

장재관JaeKwanChang

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of X-Factor in club head speed. The term X-Factor means the relative rotation of shoulders with respect to hips during the golf swing. By using the swing mate(model G640), the club head speeds of 3 male professional golfers and 3 male amateur golfers were measured. Six JVC video cameras(GR-HD1KR) and the x, y, z, coordinates of 20 points defining a fourteen segment model of the human body were used for further analysis. After smoothing the raw data with a second order Butterworth low pass filter the X-Factors of the subjects were calculated. The results can be summarized as follows. The standard deviations of the amateurs' average club head speeds were higher than the professionals'. This means that the professional golfers had more consistency in drive swing skill than the amateurs'. As the club head speeds were gradually increased, the professional golfers' average X-Factor values and X-Factor variations were larger than the amateurs'. The X-Factor had meaningful effect only for the amateurs' with beginner levels.

Key Words

club head speed, golf, X-Factor

이근모KeunMoLee , 염원상WonSangYeom

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that affect the victory and defeat male basketball game in 2003 Summer Universiade. The data were utilized from the 2003 Daegu Universiade male basketball games. The collected data were recorded data sheets from the 2003 Daegu Universiade basketball games organization. The methods of statistics used to analyze the collected data were t-test, Discriminant Analysis, and Canonical Discriminant Analysis with Stepwise system to put in factor, significant differences was under p<.05. This study was performed by doing discernment analysis about whole 146 games to define the factors that affect 2003 Dae-gu Universiade of winner and loser team in the male basketball game. The detailed conclusions are as follows: First, as a result of comparison analysis about the content of games, compared with losing teams, and winning teams have relatively high scoring, assisting, two point shoot and three point shoot in attack factors. Also winning teams have relatively high defense rebounding, stealing, block-shooting in defense factors. As the result of discernment analysis to define the factors that affect the winner in basketball games, defense rebounding, stealing, two point shoot and three point shoot affect winning positively. And errors affect winning negatively.Second, as the result of comparison analysis with actual cases to verify the validity, the analysis accuracy was high to be 81%. Third, the victory and defeat teams were classified relatively high rate. The result of Canonical Discriminant Analysis, 83.1/% of accuracy to prove the victory teams and 78.9% of accuracy to prove the defeat teams.

Key Words

basketball games, universiade, victory and defeat

하성일SungIlHa , 이송학SongHakLee , 신동윤DongYoonShin

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to search the skill factors which effect on football player's performance. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, open-ended questionnaire was asked to football players. Literature research, open-ended questionnaire, and interview results showed 80 Skill factors. Inductive content analysis of the responses illustrated 54 items among university and professional football players. After pilot study, 101 professional football players completed the exploratory factor analysis version. Based on the results of the exploratory factor analysis and reliability, 20 Skill factors in university and professional football players were applied for further item refinement. In the confirmatory factor analysis, 309 professional football players completed the 42-item version. Results Showed 20 Psychological factors and 4 factors. 4 factors were Shooting Skill, fundamental Skill, Power based Skill, and Connecting Skill. EFA and CFA Results Showed model's fitness. Shooting Skill explains 37.1% of Skill in Football Performance, fundamental Skill explains 15.5% of Skill in Football Performance, Power based Skill explains 7.6% of Skill in Football Performance, and Connecting Skill explains 5.4% of Skill in Football Performance, Physical Education research must change it's direction from an average approach to individual approach to meet a market's expectation. Till now Physical Education research was conducted only for research. However, recently competition is important issue. Physical Education researchers have to consider needs of sport field to admit sport situation.

Key Words

skill factor, football, shooting skill, fundamental skill, power based skill, connecting skill

이광용KwangYongLee , 조광민KwangMinCho , 김진국JinKookKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of CEO's transactional and transformational leadership on subordinates' empowerment and organizational effectiveness in the professional sport team. This study also intends to provide with fundamental data in developing organizational effectiveness. For this purpose, the levels of leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention were evaluated among subordinates of the three representative domestic professional teams office, professional baseball, professional soccer, and professional basketball. In the study the 180 respondents in 22 teams were practically sampled among the subject population of subordinates who work in the three professional sport teams. For the data analysis SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 5.0 statistical package were utilized. To verify the reliability and validity of leadership, empowerment and organizational effectiveness subordinate factors Cronbach's α and confirmatory factor analysis were processed. The hypothesis tests were conducted with structural equation modeling analysis. In these progresses all the statistical significant levels were set at α=.05. Research findings are as follows: 1. The transformational leadership had influence on the empowerment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. 2. The CEO‘s transactional leadership did not have influence on the subordinates empowerment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. 3. The higher empowerment displayed the greater job satisfaction and organizational commitment but, it is not had influence on the turnover intention.

Key Words

transactional and transformational Leadership, empowerment, organizational effectiveness

이준행JuneHengLee , 이성민SungMinLee

DOI:

Abstract

It is a study about efficiency of Seoul Olympic Sport Promotion Fund and managing plan for integrated fund. The purpose of this study was to comprehend efficiency of Seoul Olympic Sport Promotion Fund and to debate to find the desirable managing plan of integrated fund. In the paper, we suggested three managing plans for the integrated fund. First, because there is shortage in the number of professionals working for the ministry of culture and tourism, the ministry requires to look for professionals who are willing to manage the fund well. Secondly, the ministry of culture and tourism should entrust some jobs to institutions to fill up the professionalism that are necessary to the ministry. However, the ministry of culture and tourism should not establish an independent institution because some extra manpower will be required and the fund can be wasted. Lastly, the ministry of culture and tourism should also entrust jobs to public corporation of nation physical education. Despite institution's own problem of changes in the organization, this managing plan is very suitable. According to above plans, most suitable plan can be obtained by entrusting its jobs to public corporation of nation physical education or to independence management organizations of public corporation of nation physical education. The public corporation has to focus on fund support business more than their own benefits in developing the culture of funding and the efficiency in fund management.

Key Words

Seoul Olympic sport promotion fund, integrated fund, fund support business

정용헌YongHunChung , 한우진WooJinHan

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the sports center's relationship marketing strategy effects the CRM. Therefore present the basic facts of how to maximize competitive power, customer loyalty, job satisfaction and income through the maintenance of customers. For this study, 450 employees were selected from 24 sports centers located in Seoul and Kyonggi Province, using the convenience sampling method. 374 were collected in total. 362 questionnaires with qualified answers used for the data analysis. For the data analysis SPSS 11.0 for Windows version was utilized. The hypothesis tests were conducted with t-test, one-way ANOVA, Multiple Regression and Simple Regression. Based on the above research methods and procedures, this study produced the following results. Firstly, there were statistically significant differences in financial strategy, social strategy, structural strategy, customer recovery strategy and employees' customer orientation according to business environment. The commercial sports center turned out higher than the non commercial sports center. Secondly, there were statistically significant differences in employees' customer orientation according to gender, ages, working experience among the employees' demographic characters. Male-employees turned out higher than females. The employees used from 35 to 40 showed higher than those from 20 to 25, and those with 10years of working experience showed the highest scores of employees' customer orientation. But, between the instructor and manager there weren't statistically significant difference. Thirdly, financial strategy, social strategy, structural strategy, customer recovery strategy turned out to affect the CRM performance. Especially, structural strategy turned out the most effective followed by the social strategy, customer recovery strategy, financial strategy in sequence. Fourthly, social strategy, structural strategy, customer recovery strategy turned out to affect employees' customer orientation. Only, price strategy resulted to have no significant effect. customer recovery strategy turned out the most effective followed by the structural strategy, social strategy in sequence. Finally, the higher customer orientation of the employees results the more CRM performance.

Key Words

sports center, relationship marketing, strategy, CRM, customer relationship management

조현민HyunMinCho , 조만태ManTaeCho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to provide information on achieving organizational purpose successfully by sports facility personnel’s themselves and an efficient human capital management method by analyzing the effect of sports facility personnel’s empowerment on organizational commitment. this researcher questionnaires to 993 personnel from sport centers in Seoul and 6 megalopolises and analyzed to get the following result. 1) Higher sport facility personnel empowerment was found in male compared to female, a person with masters or higher degree, and a person with monthly income of 4 million won or more. 2) Higher sport facility personnel organizational commitment was found in a person with masters or higher degree, and a person with monthly income of 4 million won or more. 3) Between empowerment and organizational commitment of sport facility personnel, significance and ability showed the highest correlation followed by correlation between self-decisiveness and influence in empowerment variables. Between organizational commitment and empowerment, organizational commitment and significance showed the highest correlation. 4) In effects of sports facility personnel empowerment on organizational commitment, all empowerment variables including significance, ability, and self-decisiveness had effects on organizational commitment. In conclusion, actualization of empowerment in sports facility organization improved personnel’s organizational commitment. That is, organizational commitment is higher when empowerment is high. Managements should strengthen organization personnel empowerment to effectively manage.

Key Words

sports center, empowerment, organizational commitment

홍관이KwanYiHong , 박기동KiDongPark , 김승재SeungJaeKim , 홍석표SeokPyoHong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide detailed policies to specialize the sport industry in the western part of Gangwon province. In detail, this study was provide the ways of development of sport industry based on the characteristics of each region in the western part of Gangwon province. The contents of this study were consisted of four parts. First, social, economic, cultural, and geographical characteristics of the western part of Gangwon province were investigated to know the general characteristics of the region. Second, necessity and effectiveness of specialization of the sport industry were compared and analyzed based on literatures. Third, current situations of the sport industry in the western part of Gangwon province were investigated including general figure, sale volume, number of employer, total business volume, and future anticipation of sport business. Lastly, future directions and issues to specialize sport industry were provided based on studies mentioned above. Based on the investigation of current figures of the sport industry in the western part of Gangwon province and focus group interview, it was indicated that sport industry in the western part of Gangwon province has been developed in certain areas, and also has relatively poor business structure. It was also indicated that there were some difficulties to operate the business efficiently due to the regulation by law, lack of professional personnel, and high degree of business competition. Therefore, in order to specialize the sport industry in the western part of Gangwon province, following policies should be implemented. 1. Establishing administrative division for sport industry. 2. Creating the infra-structures for sport industry in each region. 3. Educating professional personnel for the sport industry. 4. Creating information system for the sport industry. 5. Strengthening sport marketing activities.

Key Words

sport industry, regional specialization, decentralization

권철웅ChulWoongKwon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to comparisons of psychological well-being among Korean, American and Japanese's labors participating in sports activity. For this purpose, 126 male labors in Korea (n=42), America (n=42) and Japan (n=42) participating in sports activity completed the questionnaire for psychological well-being scale (PWBS). To assess of the validity evidence for internal structure on PWBS, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc test were used for statistical test on the PWBS score among Korean, American and Japanese labors. The results are follow that. There are statistically significant differences in self-acceptance, personal growth, autonomy, environmental mastery among Korean, American and Japanese's labors. But There are no significantly differences in purpose in life, positive relations with other among nations. Also, purpose in life and positive relations with other were important factors for Korean, American and Japanese' labor both. The results of this study was compared with psychological well-being on labors who participating in sports of Korea, America and Japan.

Key Words

psychological well-being, cross-cultural analysis, Labors, participating in sports

김길평GilPyungKim

DOI:

Abstract

The aim of this study is to inquire relationship between the type of taekwondo program and spiritual power. This study collected and studied materials, targeting the 3rd graders and the 6th graders of elementary school who were training in taekwondo training halls located in Gwangju Metropolitan City in 2004. The targeted students were all 301 persons. The test tool was the questionnaire composed of 34 questions. The collected materials were handled from the aim of studying. Utilizing the statistical techniques including technique statistics, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis to analyse the handled materials, this study got the conclusion as followings. First, this study investigated the difference from the demographic characteristic, and it found that there was a meaningful difference in the period of taekwondo training between sex and grades. Second, this study investigated the difference from the demographic characteristic, and found that there was no meaningful difference in the type of taekwondo program between sex, grades, and the income level, Third, this study investigated the difference from the demographic characteristic, and found that there was a meaningful difference in concentration of subsidiary factors of the spiritual power between grades, and that there was a meaningful difference in income levels between concentration, endurance, and politeness. Fourth, there was no meaningful difference in relationship between the degree of takwondon training and spiritual power Fifth, this study inquired into relationship between the type of taekwondo program and spiritual power, and it found that self-confidence, endurance, and politeness were promoted from the emotional education program, and that politeness was promoted from the play education program.

Key Words

taekwondo program spiritual power, self-confidence, endurance, politeness

김현경HyunKyoungKim , 김학신HakShinKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study was intented to present the suggestive point for the effective management plan of the first developed skating rink in the Seoul Plaza lovable from citizens. For this purpose, it attempted to investigate the effect of its service quality on citizens' satisfaction, word-of-mouth intention and the revisit and what difference there was in service quality according to their demographic characteristics. To attain the goal of this study, the final questionnaire research was conducted for 354 persons. To analyze the difference in the perception of service according to demographic characteristics, the T-test and one-way ANOVA was conducted, and to identify citizens' behavioral intention, multiple regression analysis was conducted. As a result, the following findings were obtained: First, it was found that there was a significant difference in food & beverage service and use service according to sex and that there was a significant difference in operation service and event and program services according to marital status. And it was found that there was a significant difference in event and program services according to the educational level and that there was a significant difference in operation service and event and program services according to age. It was found that there was a significant difference in operation service, food & beverage service, safety service and use service according to occupations and that there was a significant difference in use service according to total monthly household income. Second, an attempt was made to analyze the effect of service quality in the skating rink on citizens' behavior. As a consequence, it was found that service quality attributes such as operation service, event and program service, safety service and the like had a significant effect on visiting citizens' satisfaction and that operation service, safety service and the like had a significant effect on their word-of-mouth intention. And it was found that operation service, safety service and the like had a significant effect on their intention to revisit.

Key Words

public stating Link service quality, satisfaction, word-of-mouth intention, revisit

박경실KyungSilPark , 김학신HakShinKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study was intended to present the marketing plan that can enhance the satisfaction, word-of-mouth intention and loyalty of existing and potential customers in the domestic golf travel market emerging as the future tremendous market. For this purpose, it attempted to analyze the effect on the satisfaction, word-of-mouth intention and loyalty of the choice and pursued value pattern of the tourists visiting the tourist golf course. The subjects were selected in the convenient sampling after confirming whether they had visited the golf course of the Muju Resort with the itinerary of more than one-night stay and 310 questionnaires were finally used for analysis. The multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze them. First, it was found that in choosing the golf course, golf travellers' word-of-mouth intention and loyalty were influenced by external factors such as the specialized field and accessory facilities, easy accessibility, the effective operation of tourism programs in surrounding areas, cleanliness and comfortableness, beautiful natural scenery, diverse food and beverage facilities and the like. And it was found that they were significantly influenced by internal factors such as the provision of differentiated services, kind employees, comfortable environment, surrounding reputation, detailed information on surrounding tourism and the like. Second, it was found that golf travellers' satisfaction, word-of-mouth intention and loyalty were significantly influenced by the factors of goal pursuit, the value pursued by golf travellers, such as staying together family members or friends, doing business smoothly, pursuing the rest and health management and the like, and the factors of energy pursuit such as having a sense of achievement and enrichment, certain reenergizing, stress relief and the like as well.

Key Words

golf tourists’ choice, pursued value pattern, satisfaction, word-of-mouth intention, Loyalty

백국군KukKunBack , 이제행JeHaengLee , 김현식HyunSikKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among satisfaction on performance, trust in leader and degree of athlete-coach's strategic consensus in Short Track Race. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire in which trust in leader as identified by Clark & Payne(1997), amended and supplemented by Lee(2002), and satisfaction on performance as identified by Duda & Nicholls(1992), amended and supplemented by Lee(2000). 100 subjected were selected from all of registered short track athletes in 2004. And data analyses consisted of employing descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and standard multiple regression analysis using SPSS/PC+ version 11.0. The following results were obtained: First, trust in leader and satisfaction on performance differ statistically and partially according to socio-demographic variables of short track athletes. Second, trust in leader and satisfaction on performance differ statistically and significantly according to degree of athlete-coach's strategic consensus. Third, trust in leader statistically and significantly influences satisfaction on performance of short track athletes.

Key Words

short track, satisfaction on performance, trust in Leader, strategic consensus

손석정SeokJungShon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to provide informations which are helpful for producing a sound atmosphere of golf throughout the research about the legal treatment of betting & gambling golf in Korea. The results of the study are as follows: First, the investigation showed that the betting golf is very popular during the rounding in Korea. Second, the most of golfers in Korea like to play entertainment betting golf but small numbers prefer to play gambling golf. Third, the most of gambling golfers are get punished for a regular gambling offense. And the fraudulent gambling golf are prevalent by an expert gambler group. Fourth, the betting golf of entertainment is not illegality but the golfers in Korea refrains from exceed betting golf on account of the national sentiment. Fifth, the decision of gambling golf refers to many objective reasons, and gives a concrete decision. There was consideration that basic items are purposes of a betting golf, a sum of betting money, private use.

Key Words

golf, betting, gambling, illegality

임경희KyungHeeLim

DOI:

Abstract

This article attempts to test empirically the sports participation and satisfaction of school life in elementary students. For the purpose, the previous studies and theories concerning the school life satisfaction were reviewed. And it will be help to policy direction, development of physical education. The questionnaire was made for the consciousness of elementary school students. The questionnaire were given to 480 elementary school students of 4 areas in seoul metropolitan city. And major statistical methods used for this research were reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA. The followings are the results of testing hypotheses empirically. First, both School Adjustment(p<.01) differ statistically and significantly according to both socio- demographic variables. Second, Physical Education of the Specialty and Aptitude Education Participation of Elementary School Students statistically and significantly influences School Adjustment. finally, it is necessary to manage friends' relationship, teachers' relationship and studying fairly for increasing satisfaction of school life.

Key Words

school Life satisfaction, participation in sports activity

정은숙EunSukJung , 송은주EunJooSong , 임수원SooWoenLim

DOI:

Abstract

This study focus on the conception of exercise addiction, process and experience to understand the exercise addiction in the club amateur marathoners. Qualitative study method was applied for the study and 10 marathoners participated in the study, who had been selected by purposeful sampling. The data for this study include participants observation, in-depth interview and collection of related documents. All the participants of the study experienced physical and mental addiction of exercise. Although the physical experience of exercise addiction enhance the health of their body such as upgrading the staying power and flexibility of the body, and help them to loose weight, excessive exercise brought most of them injury and fatigue. The mental experience of exercise helped the participants to loosen their stress and gain energy such as happiness, satisfaction, accomplishment. On the contrary to these positive emotion, they came into depression, anger and weariness when they could not participate in marathon. In terms of social affairs, participants had opportunity to meet peoples in various fields and they felt very intimate to each other, meanwhile other relationship such as home and colleague would be less appreciated and affect their social relationship and career competence. Their excessive fervor for marathon could result in financial and social problems.

Key Words

exercise addiction, marathon participants

허남양NamYangHur

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analysis of the result, to find the effect of the decide factor on the total score. The result of this study is as follow. First, the average was 80.04 and putting was 33.15 in the basic statistic data. The other side, driver distance was 227.41(±26.67)M, the fairway in regulation was 52.83(±14.22)%, the greens in regulation was 51.95%. Second, mutual relation of between the total score and the sum total of putting shows usual relation on a 1% level, the driver distance and the greens in regulation display mutual relation on a 1% level. Third, the sum total of putting and the greens in regulation have a effect on a 1% level. And relative contribution get to score shows contribution on score in the total putting, the greens in regulation order.

Key Words

decide factor on golf score

김미량MiLyangKim , 이연주YeonJuLee , 김동진DongJinKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ski mania level and Leisure Diagnostic Battery. The total of 252 subjects was chosen for this study by the purposeful sampling method. Sub-factors were made up of perceived mania level, emotional mania level, and behavioral mania level for the ski mania level, perceived leisure competence, perceived leisure control, leisure needs, and deep involvement in leisure for the Leisure Diagnostic Battery. The results were as follows: First of all, perceived mania level and behavioral mania level were related with perceived leisure competence and perceived leisure control. In the next place, emotional mania level was related with leisure needs and deep involvement in leisure. In the third place, behavioral mania level was not related with any Leisure Diagnostic Battery as sub-factors.

Key Words

ski mania, Leisure diagnostic battery, Leisure sports

김미영MiYoungKim , 박광동KwangDongPark

DOI:

Abstract

The objective of this research is to find out the effect of the plasma LDH isoenzyme and CPK concentration related variances before and after 16 weeks' swimming exercise the high school students with cerebral palsy. The swimming was done 60 minutes per day and 5 times for 16 weeks. Warming up for the exercise test was done at the speed of 3.2㎞/h, on the degree of 3%, with a three minutes exercise and a three minutes rest. According the subjects' performance, the exercise test was done. The females were tested at the 3.2～4.0㎞/h speed and on the degree of 3% during the first 25 minutes and at the 4.0～5.6㎞/h speed with the degree of 3∼5% until all out. The males were tested at the 3.2～5.6㎞/h with a degree of 3% for the first 25 minutes and at the 4.0～5.6㎞/h with degree of 3∼9% until all out. The results of the tests are as follows. 1) We can identify higher concentration of plasma LDH1 after exercise than before as well as the similar statistical difference. On the other hand, higher concentration of DHL2 is recognized after exercise than before. Both concentration of LDH3 and LDH4 have similar higher value after exercise. In case of LDH5, we can get higher value after exercise than before, moreover, only female's values has similar difference. 2) The concentration of plasma CPK have higher value after exercise than before, however, has similar statistical difference. With above results, we can conclude that swimming exercise for 16 weeks cause very positive effects. However, we also realize the necessity for improving cerebral palsied adolescents physically handicapped property by keeping excercise and increasing exercise load because their exercise ability may be drastically reduced.

Key Words

cerebral palsy, LDH, CPK

박병도ByungDoPark , 최승권SeoungGweonChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of the variable practice methods on basketball skill learning performed by the students with MR in acquisition, retention, and transference in motor learning. The subjects were 30 male students with MR enrolled in the special middle and high school. The subjects were randomly assigned into the three groups: blocked practice group (n=10), random practice group (n=10), and blocked-random practice group (n=10). The test instruments were used by basketball target pass registered in Special Olympics. The tests were administer6ed by pretest, acquisition test, and retention test. The time gap periods between tests were one month, one day, and one hour after each test session. In transference level test, in which the target pass distance were changed from 2.4 meter to 4.8 meter and they were tested three period a day after retention level test. The data of the test results on each type of groups were analyzed using by one-way ANOVA to identify the differences of learning skills among the groups. The Turkey method was used to contrast the differences between groups. In conclusion, the students with MR showed the better scores in learning the basketball skills when they were practiced in the blocked assignments rather than the random assignments of training methods.

Key Words

practice, skill, MR

이재원JaeWonLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify effects of cognitive style and practice method on motor learning in mild mental retardation(MMR). The major data-collection instrument was the visual discrimination task that Doane, Alderton, Pellegrino, & Sohn (1993) developed, and which the researcher adapted and augmented for students with MMR in the South Korean setting. The subjects of the study were 20 high school students with MMR from K and C high schools in Seoul, South Korea. There were four phases in the experiment: (a) screening, (b) acquisition, and (c) retention (d) transfer. Reaction time (RT), motion time (MT) and total time (TT) were collected from the experiments, and then classified into the acquisition, retention, and transfer test and analyzed. Results obtained from this research were as follow: The practice method depends on cognitive styles that statistically and significantly affect the motor learning of high school students with mild mental retardation. Analytic cognition style and blocked practice performance are effective for motor learning by these students, and the contextual inference effect depends on the practice method in the transfer test. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that appropriate practice method should be established for motor learning by students with MMR. Furthermore, the unique characteristics of cognition acquisition styles of students should be taken into consideration. Based on this study, the researcher found that students with mild mental retardation and insufficient cognition abilities will benefit from development of effective instructional methods for motor skills would be developed, because such methods will contribute to improved motor learning for students with disabilities.

Key Words

cognitive style, practice method, motor Learning, MMR

임인선InSunLim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of 8-weeks dance therapy on personality of Children with Down Syndrome. 12 Subject, 8 to 14 years children with Down syndrome, participated the dance therapy program movement activities. Their recognition capacity is educationally limited. Before the study, 12 subjects were evaluated in their personality based on Korean Personality Inventory for Children(KPI-C). After 8 weeks on participation in the dance therapy program, they were evaluated in the same manner. Established on the basis of Marian Chace theory, the dance therapy program for this study was in consideration of the emotions of children with Down syndrome in Korea. The supervised dance therapy program was conducted for 3 days a week during 8 weeks of the experiment. Pair t-test analysis methods were used for this task, and raw data were transformed for the normal distribution. Results were drawn as follows: 1. There is a significant difference in F scale of validity scale between before dance therapy program and after. 2. There is a significant difference in VDL scale of clinics scale between before dance therapy program and after. In conclusion, the dance therapy for 8 weeks possibly helps the Children with Down syndrome improve their personality capacity. It is highly probable that the longer period of time they are invloved in the dance therapy program, the better result they can acquire.

Key Words

dance therapy, down syndrome, children

기한준HanJunKi , 전향원HyangWonJeon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine physical self-concept according to the living dance program and age of Korean adults. Analyzing the collected data according to objective and methodology of the study, researcher obtained the following results. First, there were statistically significant differences in physical self-concept between regular dancers and non-regular ones. So, regular dancers showed better the body fat(slenderness), appearance, health, physical activity, self-esteem, and endurance among the sub-factors than those who do not dance regularly. Second, aerobics regular dancers higher than dance sport and jazz dance in body fat, health, physical activity, self esteem, endurance and physical self-concept. Third, regular dancers in 40s perceived higher than 20s in health, self esteem, and global physical. As the results, living dance program participation has proven to be an effective for adult's physical self-concept.

Key Words

Living dance program physical self-concept

김인형InHyungKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the outcomes of national researches of dance education with the 7th curriculum revision and provide meaningful academic data for the systematic development of dance education. The 62 academic research papers were examined for the study, which have been published in the learned journals societies specializing in art and physical education since the 7th curriculum was implemented in 2002 and the journals were selected above the proposed ones, granted ISSN, for the registration as an authorized journal of Korea research foundation. The highly reliable papers were classified through inter-rater agreement and face validity by majors and professors in dance education using content analysis method and they are classified according to the journals by year, research method, objects and subjects. Result of the study were described as follows; First, it was found for the studies on dance education to appear in Journal of KDES(21 pieces), Journal of KAHPERD(15 pieces) and Journal of KSD(8 pieces) in order. The number of papers has sharply increased since the 7th curriculum was implemented at the high schools in 2002, 17 pieces in 2002, 18 pieces in 2003 and 15 pieces in 2004. Second, the survey research(24 pieces) and document research(24 pieces) has been most popular way of researching and the qualitative research(8 pieces) has steadily increased. Third, the objects of researches were students(28 pieces), teachers(15 pieces) and documents(13 pieces) in order. Fourth, the subjects of researches were teaching-learning method(37 pieces), curriculum(19 pieces), and teacher education(4 pieces) in order.

Key Words

dance education, the 7th curriculum, academic research trend

박중길JungGilPark

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze dance educators' educational value and teaching behaviors. The research tool used in this study was open-ended questionnaire with three questions. The subjects of this study were 177 dance educators who teaches dance at public school and continuing education centers. Results of this study showed that most dance educators' concerns were interrelationship(10.0%), health(9.6%), concentration(8.2%), and creativity(8.2%) as educational value of dance. Teaching-learning concerns were sub-classified into teaching method, lesson system, safety, lesson environment, and management of students. And major ways of getting dance knowledge were boos(24.9%), internet(18.5%), video(14.5%), and information at class(11.0%).

Key Words

dance educator, teaching method

변재경JaeKyungByeon , 권영훈YoungHunKwon

DOI:

Abstract

This paper aims to prove how a creative dance program effects creativity and physical expression ability of infants. The infants of the age between 4 to 6 participated in the 12-week program for the total of 24 hours (40 minutes a day, three times a week). A paired-samples t-test and an independent samples t-test was conducted to analyze the difference between the test group and the control group in creativity and physical expression ability. The conclusion is as follows. First, the creative dance program had a statistically significant influence on enhancing comprehensive creativity of the subjects. In particular, the test group was substantially better than the control group in terms of fluency, flexibility and uniqueness (imagination excluded). Secondly, the creative dance program had a statistically significant influence on enhancing comprehensive physical express ability of the subjects. In particular, the test group was substantially better than the control group in terms of motion diversity, direction, and expression (timing and flow excluded). In a summary, the creative dance program for infants are more effective in strengthening comprehensive creativity and physical expression ability than the conventional "see and follow" method adopted by most dance instructors.

Key Words

creative dance, creativity, physical expression ability

신현주HyunJuShin , 김정자JungJaKim , 김성운SungWoonKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate if participation in dancesport affects the mood states of adolescents who suffer from a lot of stress due to their school record and associations. Subjects consisted of 240 middle and high school female students ranging in age from 14 to 19, with a mean age of 16.5. Subjects were randomly divide into two groups. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVAs with repeated measures of time (before and after) × group (dancesport and reading). Dependent variables were tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion and total mood disturbance(TMD). The research findings revealed that the dancesport group had a significantly lower score than non-dancesport group in tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion and total mood disturbance(TMD). Forthermore, significantly higher scores in vigor were shown with the dancesport group compared to non-dancesport group. This study showed that acute dancesport participation can help enhance the mental health of adolescents who suffer from a lot of stress due to school life.

Key Words

dancesport, mood, mental health of adolescents

신혜숙HeaSookSin

DOI:

Abstract

This study, as a result of researches of 135 women participants of dance sports and 148 women participants of emotional leisure activities in the culture centers of the region of Kangwon-Do for analyzing the difference of self-esteem between the women participants of dance sports and emotional leisure activities and the degree of the difference according to the demographic factor, has come to know this facts as follows; First, about the difference of self-resteem between the women participants of dance sports and emotional leisure activities the former is higher and there is statistical significant difference. Second, about the difference, according to the demographic factor, of self-esteem between the women participants of dance sports and emotional leisure activities, the former is higher in all conditions: married or not, age, scholarship, life-level, health, personality, employment and the kind of leisure activities and there is statistical significant difference.

Key Words

dance sport participats, self-esteem

오레지나ReginaOh , 문영YoungMoon , 김윤진YoonJinKim , 안문경MoonGyeongAhn , 김기웅KeeWoongKim

DOI:

Abstract

Many dance experts and educators attempted to explain the factorial structure of dance giftedness as well as the definitions of dance giftedness or talent. Giftedness is an inclusive concept than talent, accordingly it is used interchangeably with talent. Giftedness is divided into various subcategories of domain, and artistic domain of giftedness includes a few of talents i.e. talent for the fine arts, talent for the performing arts and, other specific talent(Cohn, 1981). Dance is a performing art which requires artistic talent. Artistic talent is defined as "the superior ability to transform affective experiences into visible forms conveying emotional meaning"(Schweiger, 1988). It is hypothesized that dance giftedness consists of multi-dimensional factors. After reviewing relevant literatures, thirty dance experts were interviewed with unstructured questionnaire. Data were both quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed based on the results evidenced in semi-standardized interviews and consultative conferences. On the basis of these results, dance talentedness is conceptually defined along with identifying the factorial structure of dance giftedness. In conclusion dance giftedness was defined as the ability to perform dance movement with originality and creatively. And dance giftedness is conceptualized to consist of four multidimensional factors; dance physique, dance fitness, dance movement ability and dance disposition. Dance movement ability was further divided into reproduction ability, or recall ability and creation ability, while dance disposition is divided into expressiveness, originality and task tenacity.

Key Words

dance, giftedness, talent, physique, fitness, movement ability, disposition

조선하SunHaJo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between marketing factors, audience satisfaction and repurchase intention in dancing performance art industry and thus to provide practical information to be used for activating the industry. On the basis of convenience sampling method, a total of 802 completed questionnaires were collected from Seoul, Gwangju, Busan, Mokpo and Sunchon cities in Korea. The survey questionnaires used for this study included 1) Marketing Factors(Kim, 1999; Suh, 2001; Kim, 2003), Audience Satisfaction (Cho, 2002; Jeong, 2003), and Repurchase Intention(Cho, 2002; Kim, 2003; Park, 2003). These original instruments were slightly modified for the dancing performance art setting and confirmed to be valid through a variety of psychometric measurements such as reliability tests and construct validity evidences. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS WIN ver. 12.0 and AMOS 4.0, which performed reliability tests and exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model tests, respectively. Accordingly, following findings were derived from this study. First, product in dancing performance marketing setting had a significant effect on audience satisfaction. Second, promotion in such setting had a significant effect on audience satisfaction. Third, product in the setting had a significant effect on leisure satisfaction of dancing performance audience. Fourth, place in dancing performance marketing setting had a significant effect on leisure satisfaction of dancing performance audience. Fifth, audience satisfaction in this setting had a significant effect on repurchase intention of audience. Finally, leisure satisfaction of dancing performance audience had a significant effect on repurchase intention in this setting.

Key Words

marketing factors, audience satisfaction, repurchase intention

유명종MyoungJongYoo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate motor abilities(locomotion, manipulation, and stability) in early childhood based on Classical Test Theory(CTT), in order to document their changes of developmental motor ability and aspects of motor ability with age. 347 boys and 292 girls of the kindergarten were chosen randomly to participate in this study. The Classical Test Theory(CTT) was used to measure a level of motor performance with subjects. The results were summarized as follows. In the category of motor abilities in criterion-referenced tests based on the difficulty and the discrimination using theory of Classical Test Theory(CTT), the test batteries of motor ability were "jumping over a bar, long jumping from standing position, throwing a tennis ball, throwing a dodge ball, throwing a tennis ball to the target, throwing up a dodge ball, bouncing a dodge bal, catching a dodge ball, catching a tennis ball, and rolling forward". Both boys and girls showed to have a tendency to a high rate of the correct answer with age. Among all ages except for less than four years, boys reported a high rate of the correct answeer in comparison with girls.

Key Words

classical test theory, fundamental ability, childhood, item difficulty, item discrimination

전영남YoungNamJeon , 양점홍JumHongYang , 김수진SooJinKim

DOI:

Abstract

The Swiss Ball is most suitable and familiar to young children. It allows young children to sufficiently develop their fitness. This study is to investigate effects of the Swiss Ball exercise on young children's muscular endurance, balance, agility, power and flexibility, providing an exercise program suitable for young children's development level. For the purpose, this researcher surveyed 14 young children aged 7 from K kindergarten located in Busan, who were classified into exercise and control groups each consisting of 7 members. The Swiss Ball exercise was applied to the former group over 12 weeks with 3 times a week for 30 to 40 minutes. As a result, it was found that the exercise had positive effects on the muscular endurance, balance and flexibility of exercise group. Therefore, if kindergarten education employs the Swiss Ball exercise that can promote young children's interest and motives and improve their fitness, it will contribute to young children's balanced growth and development.

Key Words

swiss ball, fitness, young children

최종환JongHwanChoi , Spirduso Waneen

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

age, gender, force control, Laterality